violent death

nex, nĕcis, f. [neco], death (syn.: mors, letum).

Lit.

A violent death, murder, slaughter (cf.: caedes, occisio): mater terribilem minatur vitae cruciatum et necem, Enn. ap. Cic. de Or. 3, 58, 218 (Trag. v. 44 Vahl.):

insidiatori et latroni, quae potest esse injusta nex,

Cic. Mil. 4, 10:

necem sibi consciscere,

id. N. D. 2, 3, 7:

vitae necisque potestatem habere in aliquem,

Caes. B. G. 1, 10:

necem comminari alicui,

Suet. Caes. 14:

neci dedere,

Verg. G. 4, 90:

neci demittere,

id. A. 2, 85:

neci mittere,

id. ib. 12, 513:

neci dare,

id. ib. 12, 341:

necem alicui parare,

Ov. A. A. 1, 73:

neci occumbere,

id. M. 15, 499; id. H. 14, 12:

eripere necem alicui,

Stat. Th. 3, 69:

miscere neces,

to murder, Val. Fl. 3, 381:

gravi nece urgere aliquem,

Sen. Herc. Oet. 1833:

devotus neci,

doomed to death, id. Thyest. 693: vitae necisque potestas, Mos. et Rom. Leg. Coll. 4, 8, 1.—

With gen. obj.:

multorum civium neces,

Cic. Cat. 1, 7, 18.—

With gen. subj.:

venatorum,

Phaedr. 2, 8, 2.—

In gen., death, a natural death (rare and post-Aug.):

post necem Mithridatis,

Just. 42, 1, 1:

post necem consulis,

Suet. Caes. 5:

fata nobis sensum nostrae necis auferunt,

Sen. Cons. ad Marc. 21, 7.—

Transf., the blood of the slain:

(manūs) imbutae Phrygia nece,

Ov. A. A. 2, 714.—

In gen., destruction, ruin, = pernicies, exitium (jurid. Lat.):

in necem alicujus,

Dig. 38, 5, 1; 36, 4, 5; 15, 1, 21.

* * *

* * *

fūnus, ĕris, n. [Sanscr. dhū-mas, smoke; v. fumus], a funeral procession, funeral rites, burial, funeral, usually with reference to the burning of the body; cf.: funus est jam ardens cadaver; quod dum portatur, exsequias dicimus; crematum, reliquias;

conditum jam, sepulcrum,

Serv. ad Verg. A. 2, 539 (freq. and class.).

Lit.:

funus, quo amici conveniunt ad exsequias cohonestandas,

Cic. Quint. 15, 50; cf.:

mater exsequias illius funeris prosecuta,

id. Clu. 71, 201:

funus innumeris exsequiis celebratum,

Plin. 10, 43, 60, § 122:

mercedem funeris ac sepulturae constituere,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 51, § 134:

maeror funeris,

id. Lael. 3, 11:

cui acerbissimum funus ducitur,

id. Quint. 15, 50; cf.:

funus triumphali portā ducendum,

Suet. Aug. 100:

facere filio,

Cic. Clu. 9, 28:

celebrare,

Liv. 8, 10, 10:

ornare,

Cic. Rep. 6, 2; Suet. Aug. 100:

paterno funeri omnia justa solvere,

Cic. Rosc. Am. 8, 23:

funeri operam dare,

id. Att. 15, 1, B, 1:

venire in funus,

id. ib.: pro ea copia quae Athenis erat, funus ei (Marcello) satis amplum faciendum curavi, Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 12, 3:

funus militare alicui facere,

Liv. 3, 43, 7; cf.:

prodire (alicui) in funus,

Ter. And. 1, 1, 88; Varr. R. R. 1, 69, 2:

funere efferri,

Cic. de Or. 2, 55, 225; Suet. Ner. 9; 30; 33:

praetereunte funere,

id. Tib. 57:

corpus crematum publico funere,

id. ib. 75:

nec te in tua funera mater Produxi (= funus tuum duxi),

Verg. A. 9, 486:

funus imagines Ducant triumphales tuum,

i. e. be borne at the head of the procession, Hor. Epod. 8, 11:

sub ipsum funus,

id. C. 2, 18, 18:

statim a funere,

Suet. Caes. 85.—Comically: fecisti funus med absente prandio: Cur ausu's facere, quoi ego adaeque heres eram? have buried, i. e. devoured it, Plaut. Men. 3, 2, 27.—In plur.:

funera agitant, exsequia ititant,

Naev. 3, 9: nemo me lacrumis decoret, nec funera fletu Faxit, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 1, 15, 34, and de Sen. 20, 73 (Epigr. 3, p. 162 Vahl.);

poetically imitated by Cicero: linquamus amicis Maerorem, ut celebrent funera cum gemitu, Cic. poët. Tusc. 1, 49, 117: cum senatus auctoritatem suam in virorum fortium funeribus ornamentisque ostenderit,

id. Phil. 9, 7, 16:

edictum, quod de funeribus habeant (aediles curules),

id. ib. §

17: tristia,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 74:

tria si concurrant foro,

id. S. 1, 6, 43:

justa reddere alicui,

Plin. 10, 2, 2, § 4; Sil. 2, 184.—

Transf.

A dead body, corpse, =cadaver ( poet.):

haeccine parva meum funus arena teget?

Prop. 1, 17, 8:

lacerum,

Verg. A. 9, 491.—In plur., of a corpse, Val. Fl. 3, 298:

mixta senum ac juvenum densentur funera,

Hor. C. 1, 28, 19; of the manes of the departed:

cum semel infernas intrarunt funera leges,

Prop. 4 (5), 11, 3.—

Death, esp. violent death, murder (mostly poet.):

maturo propior... funeri,

Hor. C. 3, 15, 4:

vicinum funus ut aegros Exanimat,

id. S. 1, 4, 126:

exstinctum Nymphae crudeli funere Daphnin Flebant,

Verg. E. 5, 20:

(quos) Abstulit atra dies, et funere mersit acerbo,

id. A. 6, 429:

qui patrios foedasti funere vultus,

with murder, id. ib. 2, 539.—Freq. in plur.:

quae funera Turnus Ediderit,

Verg. A. 9, 526; cf. id. ib. 10, 602; Hor. C. 1, 15, 10; 4, 14, 49; once in Cic., acc. to Nonius: ut vix hominum acerbis funeribus satietur, Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 300, 26 (id. Rep. 2, 41 Mos.).—

Trop., destruction, ruin, fall (rare but class.):

vir summā eloquentiā dixit graviter, casum illum meum funus esse rei publicae, sed funus justum et indictum,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 19, 45:

dum Capitolio Regina (Cleopatra) dementes ruinas Funus et imperio parabat,

Hor. C. 1, 37, 8. —In plur.:

sub lacrimosa Trojae Funera,

Hor. C. 1, 8, 15:

pro dira pudoris funera,

Luc. 4, 231.—Also concr. of persons plotting destruction:

Gabinium et Pisonem, duo rei publicae portenta ac paene funera,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 1, 2.

accident, chance, fortune.

downfall

a falling / occasion, opportunity / event, accident, violent death

nātūrālis, e, adj. [natura], natural, i. e.,

By birth, one's own:

naturalis pater, opp. to adoptive father,

Cic. Phil. 3, 6, 15:

in adoptionem dato redire in familiam liceat, si pater naturalis sine liberis decesserit,

Quint. 3, 6, 96: filius ( = kata phusin uios), Liv. 42, 52:

Pauli nepos,

id. 44, 44; Suet. Tib. 52; Gai. Inst. 2, 137; 3, 31:

qui in avi sui naturalis potestate est,

Dig. 37, 8, 1, § 2; also, natural, illegitimate ( = nothus), Dig. 40, 5, 40; 36, 1, 80, § 2; Aug. Conf. 6, 12; Inscr. Grut. 945, 3.—

Of or belonging to the nature of things, produced by or agreeable to nature, natural:

naturale est alicui,

it is natural to one, it is his innate quality, Plin. 11, 37. 54, §

144: historia, id. praef. § 1: motus naturalis,

Cic. Fin. 1, 6, 19:

societas,

id. Off. 1, 16, 50:

lex,

id. N. D. 1, 14, 36:

notio naturalis atque insita in animis nostris,

id. Fin. 1, 9, 31:

naturalis, non fucatus nitor,

id. Brut. 9, 36:

bonum,

id. Cael. 5, 11: dies, a natural day, i. e. from sunrise to sunset, opp. to the dies civilis, Censor. de Die Nat. 23;

v. civilis: mors,

a natural, not a violent death, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 180 (for the class. mors necessaria, Cic. Mil. 7, 16):

naturales exitus,

the anus, Col. 6, 30, 8:

naturalia desideria,

the serual impulse, id. 6, 24, 2; 6, 27, 7: loca naturalia, the sexual parts of men and animals, Cels. 1, p. 11 Milligan.—As subst.: nātūrāle, is, n., the private parts:

sanguinis pars per naturale descendit,

Cels. 5, 26, 13; 7, 26, 1 al.—More freq. plur., nātūrālĭa, ĭum, n., in same sense, Cels. 4, 21 init.; 5, 20, 4; 6, 18, 2 al.; Col. 6, 27, 10; Just. 1, 4, 2.—

Of or concerning nature, natural:

naturales quaestiones,

Cic. Part. 18, 64:

historia, Plin. H. N. praef. § 1: philosophia,

Isid. Orig. 2, 24, 12.—

Opp. to fictitious, natural, real:

philosophi duos Joves fecerunt, unum naturalem, alterum fabulosum,

Lact. 1, 11. —Hence, adv.: nātūrālĭter, naturally, conformably to nature, by nature:

nec vero umquam animus hominis naturaliter divinat,

Cic. Div. 1, 50, 113:

alacritas naturaliter innata,

Caes. B. C. 3, 92:

inter naturaliter dissimillimos,

Vell. 2, 60, 5; Plin. 11, 37, 47, § 130:

profluere (urinam),

Cels. 7, 26, 1; Hirt. B. Alex. 8:

est aliquid in omni materiā naturaliter primum,

Quint. 3, 8, 6.

nātūrālis, e, adj. [natura], natural, i. e.,

By birth, one's own:

naturalis pater, opp. to adoptive father,

Cic. Phil. 3, 6, 15:

in adoptionem dato redire in familiam liceat, si pater naturalis sine liberis decesserit,

Quint. 3, 6, 96: filius ( = kata phusin uios), Liv. 42, 52:

Pauli nepos,

id. 44, 44; Suet. Tib. 52; Gai. Inst. 2, 137; 3, 31:

qui in avi sui naturalis potestate est,

Dig. 37, 8, 1, § 2; also, natural, illegitimate ( = nothus), Dig. 40, 5, 40; 36, 1, 80, § 2; Aug. Conf. 6, 12; Inscr. Grut. 945, 3.—

Of or belonging to the nature of things, produced by or agreeable to nature, natural:

naturale est alicui,

it is natural to one, it is his innate quality, Plin. 11, 37. 54, §

144: historia, id. praef. § 1: motus naturalis,

Cic. Fin. 1, 6, 19:

societas,

id. Off. 1, 16, 50:

lex,

id. N. D. 1, 14, 36:

notio naturalis atque insita in animis nostris,

id. Fin. 1, 9, 31:

naturalis, non fucatus nitor,

id. Brut. 9, 36:

bonum,

id. Cael. 5, 11: dies, a natural day, i. e. from sunrise to sunset, opp. to the dies civilis, Censor. de Die Nat. 23;

v. civilis: mors,

a natural, not a violent death, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 180 (for the class. mors necessaria, Cic. Mil. 7, 16):

naturales exitus,

the anus, Col. 6, 30, 8:

naturalia desideria,

the serual impulse, id. 6, 24, 2; 6, 27, 7: loca naturalia, the sexual parts of men and animals, Cels. 1, p. 11 Milligan.—As subst.: nātūrāle, is, n., the private parts:

sanguinis pars per naturale descendit,

Cels. 5, 26, 13; 7, 26, 1 al.—More freq. plur., nātūrālĭa, ĭum, n., in same sense, Cels. 4, 21 init.; 5, 20, 4; 6, 18, 2 al.; Col. 6, 27, 10; Just. 1, 4, 2.—

Of or concerning nature, natural:

naturales quaestiones,

Cic. Part. 18, 64:

historia, Plin. H. N. praef. § 1: philosophia,

Isid. Orig. 2, 24, 12.—

Opp. to fictitious, natural, real:

philosophi duos Joves fecerunt, unum naturalem, alterum fabulosum,

Lact. 1, 11. —Hence, adv.: nātūrālĭter, naturally, conformably to nature, by nature:

nec vero umquam animus hominis naturaliter divinat,

Cic. Div. 1, 50, 113:

alacritas naturaliter innata,

Caes. B. C. 3, 92:

inter naturaliter dissimillimos,

Vell. 2, 60, 5; Plin. 11, 37, 47, § 130:

profluere (urinam),

Cels. 7, 26, 1; Hirt. B. Alex. 8:

est aliquid in omni materiā naturaliter primum,

Quint. 3, 8, 6.

nātūrālis, e, adj. [natura], natural, i. e.,

By birth, one's own:

naturalis pater, opp. to adoptive father,

Cic. Phil. 3, 6, 15:

in adoptionem dato redire in familiam liceat, si pater naturalis sine liberis decesserit,

Quint. 3, 6, 96: filius ( = kata phusin uios), Liv. 42, 52:

Pauli nepos,

id. 44, 44; Suet. Tib. 52; Gai. Inst. 2, 137; 3, 31:

qui in avi sui naturalis potestate est,

Dig. 37, 8, 1, § 2; also, natural, illegitimate ( = nothus), Dig. 40, 5, 40; 36, 1, 80, § 2; Aug. Conf. 6, 12; Inscr. Grut. 945, 3.—

Of or belonging to the nature of things, produced by or agreeable to nature, natural:

naturale est alicui,

it is natural to one, it is his innate quality, Plin. 11, 37. 54, §

144: historia, id. praef. § 1: motus naturalis,

Cic. Fin. 1, 6, 19:

societas,

id. Off. 1, 16, 50:

lex,

id. N. D. 1, 14, 36:

notio naturalis atque insita in animis nostris,

id. Fin. 1, 9, 31:

naturalis, non fucatus nitor,

id. Brut. 9, 36:

bonum,

id. Cael. 5, 11: dies, a natural day, i. e. from sunrise to sunset, opp. to the dies civilis, Censor. de Die Nat. 23;

v. civilis: mors,

a natural, not a violent death, Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 180 (for the class. mors necessaria, Cic. Mil. 7, 16):

naturales exitus,

the anus, Col. 6, 30, 8:

naturalia desideria,

the serual impulse, id. 6, 24, 2; 6, 27, 7: loca naturalia, the sexual parts of men and animals, Cels. 1, p. 11 Milligan.—As subst.: nātūrāle, is, n., the private parts:

sanguinis pars per naturale descendit,

Cels. 5, 26, 13; 7, 26, 1 al.—More freq. plur., nātūrālĭa, ĭum, n., in same sense, Cels. 4, 21 init.; 5, 20, 4; 6, 18, 2 al.; Col. 6, 27, 10; Just. 1, 4, 2.—

Of or concerning nature, natural:

naturales quaestiones,

Cic. Part. 18, 64:

historia, Plin. H. N. praef. § 1: philosophia,

Isid. Orig. 2, 24, 12.—

Opp. to fictitious, natural, real:

philosophi duos Joves fecerunt, unum naturalem, alterum fabulosum,

Lact. 1, 11. —Hence, adv.: nātūrālĭter, naturally, conformably to nature, by nature:

nec vero umquam animus hominis naturaliter divinat,

Cic. Div. 1, 50, 113:

alacritas naturaliter innata,

Caes. B. C. 3, 92:

inter naturaliter dissimillimos,

Vell. 2, 60, 5; Plin. 11, 37, 47, § 130:

profluere (urinam),

Cels. 7, 26, 1; Hirt. B. Alex. 8:

est aliquid in omni materiā naturaliter primum,

Quint. 3, 8, 6.

mors, tis, f. [root mor, v. morior] (dat. morte, Varr. ap. Gell. 24), death in every form, natural or violent (syn.: letum, nex).

Lit.:

omnium rerum mors est extremum,

Cic. Fam. 6, 21, 1:

mors ultima linea rerum est,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 79:

mortem sibi consciscere,

to kill one's self, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 56, § 129:

obire,

to die, id. Phil. 5, 17, 48;

Plaut Aul. prol. 15: nam necessest me... cras mortem exequi,

id. Ps. 4, 2, 38:

certae occumbere morti,

to submit to, Verg. A. 2, 62:

aliquem ad mortem dare,

to put to death, kill, Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 177:

morti,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 197:

aliquem morte multare,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 22, 50; so,

per vim,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 5, § 14:

morte multatus,

id. Tusc. 1, 40, 97; Tac. A. 6, 9; Plin. Ep. 8, 14, 15; Lact. 2, 9, 24:

morte punire,

Plin. Ep. 8, 14, 12; Tac. A. 4, 44; 11, 18:

mortis poena,

Cic. Cat. 4, 4, 7:

morti addici,

id. Off. 3, 10, 45:

omne humanum genus morte damnatum est,

Sen. Ep. 71, 15:

Antonius civium suorum vitae sedebat mortisque arbiter,

Sen. Polyb. 16, 2:

vitae et mortis habere potestatem,

Vulg. Sap. 16, 13:

illata per scelus,

assassination, Cic. Mil. 7, 17:

ad mortem se offerre pro patriā,

id. Tusc. 1, 15, 32: afferre, Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 12, 2:

multare aliquem usque ad mortem,

Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 9:

morte cadere,

Hor. C. 4, 2, 15: morte acerbissimā affici, Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 12, 2:

multare,

id. de Or. 1, 43, 100:

ad mortem duci,

id. Tusc. 1, 42, 100:

cui legatio ipsa morti fuisset,

brought death, id. Phil. 9, 1, 3:

imperfecta,

blindness, Stat. Th. 11, 582: morte suā mori, to die a natural death:

bella res est, mori suā morte,

Sen. Ep. 69, 6:

mors suprema,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 173; Sil. 5, 416: mortis fine, Boëth. Consol. 2, 7: quae rapit ultima mors est, Lucil. ap. Sen. Ep. 24, 20: proximus morti = moriens, Aug. Civ. Dei, 22, 8; App. M. 1, 72; cf.:

morti vicinus,

Aug. Serm. 306, 10; Hier. in Joel, 1, 13 al.; cf.:

cui, mors cum appropinquet,

Cic. Fin. 5, 11, 31:

cujus aetati mors propior erat,

Sall. H. 2, 41, 9:

adpropinquante morte,

Cic. Div. 1, 30, 64 sq.:

ut prorogetur tibi dies mortis,

Sen. Ben. 5, 17, 6:

circa mortis diem,

id. Ep. 27, 2:

mansurum est vitium usque ad diem mortis,

Cels. 7, 7, 15 init. — Poet.:

mors sola fatetur quantula sint hominum corpuscula,

Juv. 10, 173. —In plur.:

mortes, when several persons are spoken of: praeclarae mortes sunt imperatoriae,

Cic. Fin. 2, 30, 97; so Hor. S. 1, 3, 108:

meorum,

Plin. Ep. 8, 16, 1:

perdere mortes,

to throw away lives, to die in vain, Stat. Th. 9, 58:

hinc subitae mortes,

Juv. 1, 144.—Also of different forms or modes of death:

omnīs per mortīs,

Verg. A. 10, 854; cf.:

omni imagine mortium,

Tac. H. 3, 28; Sen. Clem. 1, 18, 2.—Rarely of an abstract thing:

fere rerum omnium oblivio morsque memoriae,

death, total loss, Plin. 14, 22, 28, § 142.—

Personified.

Mors, a goddess, the daughter of Erebus and Nox, Cic. N. D. 3, 17, 44; Verg. A. 11, 197; Hyg. Fab. praef.—

(Eccl. Lat.) = eum qui habebat mortis imperium, id est, diabolum, Vulg. Heb. 2, 14; id. Isa. 28, 15; cf.:

ero mors tua, o mors,

id. Hos. 13, 14; id. Apoc. 6, 8.—

Transf.

A dead body, corpse (mostly poet.): morte campos contegi, with corpses, Att. ap. Non. 110, 31:

mortem ejus (Clodii) lacerari,

body, corpse, Cic. Mil. 32, 86; Cat. 64, 362; Prop. 3, 5, 22:

vitis, quam juxta hominis mors laqueo pependerit,

Plin. 14, 19, 23, § 119; Stat. Th. 1, 768.—Hence, jestingly, of an old man:

odiosum est mortem amplexari,

a corpse, a skeleton, Plaut. Bacch. 5, 2, 33.—

Like phonos, the blood shed by murder:

ensem multā morte recepit,

Verg. A. 9, 348.—

That which brings death (of missiles), a deadly weapon ( poet.):

mille cavet lapsas circum cava tempora mortes,

Stat. Th. 6, 792; Luc. 7, 517:

per pectora saevas Exceptat mortes,

Sil. 9, 369.—Of a sentence or threat of death:

ut auferat a me mortem istam,

Vulg. Ex. 10, 17;

of terrible pangs and anxieties: contritiones mortis,

id. 2 Reg. 22, 5:

dolores mortis,

id. Psa. 18, 4; 116, 3;

of a cruel and murderous officer: aderat mors terrorque sociorum et civium lictor Sestius,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 45, § 118.—

Esp. (eccl. Lat.):

mors secunda,

the second death, future punishment, Vulg. Apoc. 2, 11; 20, 6; 14:

mors alone,

id. 1 Joh. 5, 16; also spiritual death, that of a soul under the dominion of sin:

stimulus mortis peccatum est,

id. 1 Cor. 15, 56; Rom. 8, 6 et saep.; cf. Lact. 7, 10 fin.

mors, tis, f. [root mor, v. morior] (dat. morte, Varr. ap. Gell. 24), death in every form, natural or violent (syn.: letum, nex).

Lit.:

omnium rerum mors est extremum,

Cic. Fam. 6, 21, 1:

mors ultima linea rerum est,

Hor. Ep. 1, 16, 79:

mortem sibi consciscere,

to kill one's self, Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 56, § 129:

obire,

to die, id. Phil. 5, 17, 48;

Plaut Aul. prol. 15: nam necessest me... cras mortem exequi,

id. Ps. 4, 2, 38:

certae occumbere morti,

to submit to, Verg. A. 2, 62:

aliquem ad mortem dare,

to put to death, kill, Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 177:

morti,

Hor. S. 2, 3, 197:

aliquem morte multare,

Cic. Tusc. 1, 22, 50; so,

per vim,

id. Verr. 2, 1, 5, § 14:

morte multatus,

id. Tusc. 1, 40, 97; Tac. A. 6, 9; Plin. Ep. 8, 14, 15; Lact. 2, 9, 24:

morte punire,

Plin. Ep. 8, 14, 12; Tac. A. 4, 44; 11, 18:

mortis poena,

Cic. Cat. 4, 4, 7:

morti addici,

id. Off. 3, 10, 45:

omne humanum genus morte damnatum est,

Sen. Ep. 71, 15:

Antonius civium suorum vitae sedebat mortisque arbiter,

Sen. Polyb. 16, 2:

vitae et mortis habere potestatem,

Vulg. Sap. 16, 13:

illata per scelus,

assassination, Cic. Mil. 7, 17:

ad mortem se offerre pro patriā,

id. Tusc. 1, 15, 32: afferre, Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 12, 2:

multare aliquem usque ad mortem,

Ter. Ad. 1, 2, 9:

morte cadere,

Hor. C. 4, 2, 15: morte acerbissimā affici, Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 12, 2:

multare,

id. de Or. 1, 43, 100:

ad mortem duci,

id. Tusc. 1, 42, 100:

cui legatio ipsa morti fuisset,

brought death, id. Phil. 9, 1, 3:

imperfecta,

blindness, Stat. Th. 11, 582: morte suā mori, to die a natural death:

bella res est, mori suā morte,

Sen. Ep. 69, 6:

mors suprema,

Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 173; Sil. 5, 416: mortis fine, Boëth. Consol. 2, 7: quae rapit ultima mors est, Lucil. ap. Sen. Ep. 24, 20: proximus morti = moriens, Aug. Civ. Dei, 22, 8; App. M. 1, 72; cf.:

morti vicinus,

Aug. Serm. 306, 10; Hier. in Joel, 1, 13 al.; cf.:

cui, mors cum appropinquet,

Cic. Fin. 5, 11, 31:

cujus aetati mors propior erat,

Sall. H. 2, 41, 9:

adpropinquante morte,

Cic. Div. 1, 30, 64 sq.:

ut prorogetur tibi dies mortis,

Sen. Ben. 5, 17, 6:

circa mortis diem,

id. Ep. 27, 2:

mansurum est vitium usque ad diem mortis,

Cels. 7, 7, 15 init. — Poet.:

mors sola fatetur quantula sint hominum corpuscula,

Juv. 10, 173. —In plur.:

mortes, when several persons are spoken of: praeclarae mortes sunt imperatoriae,

Cic. Fin. 2, 30, 97; so Hor. S. 1, 3, 108:

meorum,

Plin. Ep. 8, 16, 1:

perdere mortes,

to throw away lives, to die in vain, Stat. Th. 9, 58:

hinc subitae mortes,

Juv. 1, 144.—Also of different forms or modes of death:

omnīs per mortīs,

Verg. A. 10, 854; cf.:

omni imagine mortium,

Tac. H. 3, 28; Sen. Clem. 1, 18, 2.—Rarely of an abstract thing:

fere rerum omnium oblivio morsque memoriae,

death, total loss, Plin. 14, 22, 28, § 142.—

Personified.

Mors, a goddess, the daughter of Erebus and Nox, Cic. N. D. 3, 17, 44; Verg. A. 11, 197; Hyg. Fab. praef.—

(Eccl. Lat.) = eum qui habebat mortis imperium, id est, diabolum, Vulg. Heb. 2, 14; id. Isa. 28, 15; cf.:

ero mors tua, o mors,

id. Hos. 13, 14; id. Apoc. 6, 8.—

Transf.

A dead body, corpse (mostly poet.): morte campos contegi, with corpses, Att. ap. Non. 110, 31:

mortem ejus (Clodii) lacerari,

body, corpse, Cic. Mil. 32, 86; Cat. 64, 362; Prop. 3, 5, 22:

vitis, quam juxta hominis mors laqueo pependerit,

Plin. 14, 19, 23, § 119; Stat. Th. 1, 768.—Hence, jestingly, of an old man:

odiosum est mortem amplexari,

a corpse, a skeleton, Plaut. Bacch. 5, 2, 33.—

Like phonos, the blood shed by murder:

ensem multā morte recepit,

Verg. A. 9, 348.—

That which brings death (of missiles), a deadly weapon ( poet.):

mille cavet lapsas circum cava tempora mortes,

Stat. Th. 6, 792; Luc. 7, 517:

per pectora saevas Exceptat mortes,

Sil. 9, 369.—Of a sentence or threat of death:

ut auferat a me mortem istam,

Vulg. Ex. 10, 17;

of terrible pangs and anxieties: contritiones mortis,

id. 2 Reg. 22, 5:

dolores mortis,

id. Psa. 18, 4; 116, 3;

of a cruel and murderous officer: aderat mors terrorque sociorum et civium lictor Sestius,

Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 45, § 118.—

Esp. (eccl. Lat.):

mors secunda,

the second death, future punishment, Vulg. Apoc. 2, 11; 20, 6; 14:

mors alone,

id. 1 Joh. 5, 16; also spiritual death, that of a soul under the dominion of sin:

stimulus mortis peccatum est,

id. 1 Cor. 15, 56; Rom. 8, 6 et saep.; cf. Lact. 7, 10 fin.

oppĕto ( obp-), īvi and ii, ītum, 3, v. a. [ob-peto], to go to meet, to encounter (an evil, esp. death; class.; syn.: obeo, occumbo, intereo): malam pestem, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 16, 38 (Trag. v. 15 Vahl.); so,

pestem,

Plaut. As. 1, 1, 7 —Esp.: mortem, to encounter death, for to perish, die (only of a violent or unnatural death), Enn. ap. Non. 507, 19 (Trag. v. 235 Vahl.):

cum milites pro salute populi Romani mortem oppetiverint,

Cic. Phil. 14, 14, 38; cf.:

clarae mortes pro patriā oppetitae,

id. Tusc. 1, 49, 116:

poenas superbiae,

to suffer for one's pride, Phaedr. 3, 16, 2.—

In partic., pregn. for oppetere mortem, to perish, die ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

quīs ante ora patrum Trojae sub moenibus altis Contigit oppetere,

Verg. A. 1, 96; 11, 268; 12, 543:

eodem mari,

Tac. A. 2, 24:

non senio, sed fame,

Plin. 10, 3, 4, § 15: gloriosā morte, to die a glorious death, Prud. steph. 10, 65.

oppĕto ( obp-), īvi and ii, ītum, 3, v. a. [ob-peto], to go to meet, to encounter (an evil, esp. death; class.; syn.: obeo, occumbo, intereo): malam pestem, Enn. ap. Cic. Tusc. 2, 16, 38 (Trag. v. 15 Vahl.); so,

pestem,

Plaut. As. 1, 1, 7 —Esp.: mortem, to encounter death, for to perish, die (only of a violent or unnatural death), Enn. ap. Non. 507, 19 (Trag. v. 235 Vahl.):

cum milites pro salute populi Romani mortem oppetiverint,

Cic. Phil. 14, 14, 38; cf.:

clarae mortes pro patriā oppetitae,

id. Tusc. 1, 49, 116:

poenas superbiae,

to suffer for one's pride, Phaedr. 3, 16, 2.—

In partic., pregn. for oppetere mortem, to perish, die ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):

quīs ante ora patrum Trojae sub moenibus altis Contigit oppetere,

Verg. A. 1, 96; 11, 268; 12, 543:

eodem mari,

Tac. A. 2, 24:

non senio, sed fame,

Plin. 10, 3, 4, § 15: gloriosā morte, to die a glorious death, Prud. steph. 10, 65.

ăcerbus, a, um, adj. [fr. 2. acer, like superbus fr. super, yet the short ă should be noticed], harsh to the taste, of every object which has an astringent effect upon the tongue (opp. suavis, Lucr. 4, 661 sq.).

Prop.:

Neptuni corpus acerbum,

bitter, briny, Lucr. 2, 472; and esp. of unripe fruit, sharp, sour, harsh, and the like:

uva primo est peracerba gustatu, deinde maturata dulcescit,

Cic. de Sen. 15:

saporum genera tredecim reperiuntur: acer, acutus, acerbus, acidus, salsus, etc.,

Plin. 15, 27, 32; and since the harshness of fruit is always a sign of immaturity, so Varro, Cicero, Pliny, et al. use acerbus as a syn. for crudus, immaturus, unripe, crude, lit. and trop.: nondum matura uva est, nolo acerbam sumere, Phaed. 4, 2, 4; so Ov. Am. 2, 14, 24;

and trop.: impolitae res et acerbae si erunt relictae,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 14; cf. Gell. 13, 2.—Hence: virgo acerba, not yet marriageable, Varr. ap. Non. 247, 15; and esp. poet. (opp. to virgo matura, v. maturus): funus acerbum, as a translation of the Gr. thaWatos aôros (Eur. Orest. 1030), Auct. Or. pro Dom. 16:

ante diem edere partus acerbos,

premature, Ov. F. 4, 647. —

Transf.

to sounds, harsh, hoarse, rough, shrill:

serrae stridentis acerbum horrorem, Lucr, 2, 410: vox acerbissima,

Auct. Her. 4, 47;

to feeling, sharp, keen:

frigus,

bitter, Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 53.

Fig.

Of men: Rough, coarse, repulsive, morose, violent, hard, rigorous, severe:

melius de quibusdam acerbos inimicos mereri quam eos amicos, qui dulces videantur,

Cic. Lael. 24:

posse enim asotos ex Aristippi, acerbos e Zenonis schola exire,

for there may go forth sensualists from the school of Aristippus, crabbed fellows from that of Zeno, id. N. D. 3, 31 (cf. acriculus):

acerbissimi feneratores,

id. Att. 6, 1;

so of adversaries or enemies,

violent, furious, bitter, Cic. Fam. 1, 4:

acerbissimus hostis,

id. Cat. 4, 6 fin.; so id. Fam. 3, 8:

acerbus odisti,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 85 K. &

H.: quid messes uris acerba tuas?

Tib. 1, 2, 98 al. —

Of things, harsh, heavy, disagreeable, grievous, troublesome, bitter, sad (very often, esp. in Cic.):

ut acerbum est, pro benefactis cum mali messem metas!

Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 52; cf. Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 1; Att. ap. Non. 72, 29:

in rebus acerbis,

Lucr. 3, 54:

acerbissimum supplicium,

Cic. Cat. 4, 6:

acerbissima vexatio,

id. ib. 4, 1:

acerba memoria temporis,

id. Planc. 41: acerbissimā morte affectus, Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 12, 2 al.—Hence acerbum funus (diff. from above), a bitter, painful death, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35:

acerbum funus filiae,

id. As. 3, 3, 5, and so Nep. Cim. 4: vita ejus fuit secura et mors acerba, afflicting, painful, unwelcome. —In the neutr. subst.: ăcer-bum, i, calamity, misfortune, Ov. Tr. 5, 2, 21; Verg. A. 12, 500—acerba, n. plur. adv. acc. to the Gr. idiom, Lucr. 5, 34 (cf. acuta et al.), several times imitated by Verg. A. 12, 398; 9, 794; id. G. 3, 149.— Adv.: ăcerbe, harshly, sharply, severely, etc., in the trop. signif. of the adj., Cic. Fam. 1, 5; id. N. D. 2, 33; id. Planc. 1:

idem acerbe severus in filium,

id. Off. 3, 31, 112; Liv. 3, 50. 12; 7, 3, 9; Tac. A. 2, 87 al.— Comp., Cic. Lael. 16; Suet. Tib. 25.— Sup., Cic. Att. 11, 1; Caes. B. C. 1, 2; also Cic. Planc. 35, 86, where, of an exclamation of severe grief, acerbissime for acerrime is defended against Lambinus and Ernesti by Wunder, Planc. l. c. p. 217; so B. & K.

ăcerbus, a, um, adj. [fr. 2. acer, like superbus fr. super, yet the short ă should be noticed], harsh to the taste, of every object which has an astringent effect upon the tongue (opp. suavis, Lucr. 4, 661 sq.).

Prop.:

Neptuni corpus acerbum,

bitter, briny, Lucr. 2, 472; and esp. of unripe fruit, sharp, sour, harsh, and the like:

uva primo est peracerba gustatu, deinde maturata dulcescit,

Cic. de Sen. 15:

saporum genera tredecim reperiuntur: acer, acutus, acerbus, acidus, salsus, etc.,

Plin. 15, 27, 32; and since the harshness of fruit is always a sign of immaturity, so Varro, Cicero, Pliny, et al. use acerbus as a syn. for crudus, immaturus, unripe, crude, lit. and trop.: nondum matura uva est, nolo acerbam sumere, Phaed. 4, 2, 4; so Ov. Am. 2, 14, 24;

and trop.: impolitae res et acerbae si erunt relictae,

Cic. Prov. Cons. 14; cf. Gell. 13, 2.—Hence: virgo acerba, not yet marriageable, Varr. ap. Non. 247, 15; and esp. poet. (opp. to virgo matura, v. maturus): funus acerbum, as a translation of the Gr. thaWatos aôros (Eur. Orest. 1030), Auct. Or. pro Dom. 16:

ante diem edere partus acerbos,

premature, Ov. F. 4, 647. —

Transf.

to sounds, harsh, hoarse, rough, shrill:

serrae stridentis acerbum horrorem, Lucr, 2, 410: vox acerbissima,

Auct. Her. 4, 47;

to feeling, sharp, keen:

frigus,

bitter, Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 53.

Fig.

Of men: Rough, coarse, repulsive, morose, violent, hard, rigorous, severe:

melius de quibusdam acerbos inimicos mereri quam eos amicos, qui dulces videantur,

Cic. Lael. 24:

posse enim asotos ex Aristippi, acerbos e Zenonis schola exire,

for there may go forth sensualists from the school of Aristippus, crabbed fellows from that of Zeno, id. N. D. 3, 31 (cf. acriculus):

acerbissimi feneratores,

id. Att. 6, 1;

so of adversaries or enemies,

violent, furious, bitter, Cic. Fam. 1, 4:

acerbissimus hostis,

id. Cat. 4, 6 fin.; so id. Fam. 3, 8:

acerbus odisti,

Hor. S. 1, 3, 85 K. &

H.: quid messes uris acerba tuas?

Tib. 1, 2, 98 al. —

Of things, harsh, heavy, disagreeable, grievous, troublesome, bitter, sad (very often, esp. in Cic.):

ut acerbum est, pro benefactis cum mali messem metas!

Plaut. Ep. 5, 2, 52; cf. Ter. Hec. 3, 1, 1; Att. ap. Non. 72, 29:

in rebus acerbis,

Lucr. 3, 54:

acerbissimum supplicium,

Cic. Cat. 4, 6:

acerbissima vexatio,

id. ib. 4, 1:

acerba memoria temporis,

id. Planc. 41: acerbissimā morte affectus, Serv. ap. Cic. Fam. 4, 12, 2 al.—Hence acerbum funus (diff. from above), a bitter, painful death, Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35:

acerbum funus filiae,

id. As. 3, 3, 5, and so Nep. Cim. 4: vita ejus fuit secura et mors acerba, afflicting, painful, unwelcome. —In the neutr. subst.: ăcer-bum, i, calamity, misfortune, Ov. Tr. 5, 2, 21; Verg. A. 12, 500—acerba, n. plur. adv. acc. to the Gr. idiom, Lucr. 5, 34 (cf. acuta et al.), several times imitated by Verg. A. 12, 398; 9, 794; id. G. 3, 149.— Adv.: ăcerbe, harshly, sharply, severely, etc., in the trop. signif. of the adj., Cic. Fam. 1, 5; id. N. D. 2, 33; id. Planc. 1:

idem acerbe severus in filium,

id. Off. 3, 31, 112; Liv. 3, 50. 12; 7, 3, 9; Tac. A. 2, 87 al.— Comp., Cic. Lael. 16; Suet. Tib. 25.— Sup., Cic. Att. 11, 1; Caes. B. C. 1, 2; also Cic. Planc. 35, 86, where, of an exclamation of severe grief, acerbissime for acerrime is defended against Lambinus and Ernesti by Wunder, Planc. l. c. p. 217; so B. & K.

* * *

* * *

* * *